Genetic diversity and genetic structure of Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae) for its conservation in the Peruvian Andes
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v29i2.22557Keywords:
Microsatellites, Puya raimondii, populations, conservation genetics, AndesAbstract
Puya raimondii is an endemic species from the high Andes of Peru and Bolivia. In Peru it is distributed from 8.068501°S, 16.170280°W to 16.180580°S, 70.658873°W, between 3600 and 4800 m, living in extreme climatic conditions typical of the Puna, where it plays an important ecological role. Despite the wide distribution of P. raimondii populations in Peru, they appear to be fairly uniform morphologically. The following questions arise: Will the current molecular tools be able to show differences between the numerous populations? Are the conservation areas established for P. raimondii sufficient since they harbor the existing variability? To answer these questions, this work aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity and genetic structure in a northern population, Pachapaqui (Ancash department), a central population, Yanacancha (Junin), and a southern population, Lampa - Choconchaca sector (Puno), using microsatellite markers (SSR) specific for the species. The genetic diversity parameters used included number of alleles (A), exclusive alleles (RA), observed heterozygosity (Ho), expected heterozygosity (He), and polymorphic content index (PIC). The results showed that the total number of A varied from 2 - 13, the He values were 0 ‒ 0.723 and Ho 0 ‒ 0.929, with an average He of 0.217, indicating a moderate to high genetic diversity, being the population of Lampa-Choconchaca sector, the one that presented the greatest allelic diversity and the greatest genetic diversity. The Hardy-Weinberg test showed that the populations are in HW disequilibrium, the statistical analysis indicates 65% of the genetic variation at the population level and values of FST (0.426) and RST (0.650) that indicate high genetic differentiation among populations, with two genetic groups (K=2) that correspond to the populations of northern-central and southern Peru. The results provide useful information to establish conservation strategies for P. raimondii, which lead to the creation of an additional conservation area to protect the populations in southern Peru.
Downloads
References
Acuña W. 2016. Determinación de la diversidad genética y estructura genética de patos criollos (Cairina moschata L. 1758) de los departamentos de Lambayeque y San Martín mediante el uso de microsatélites. Thesis to obtain the Professional Degree of Biologist. UNMSM.
Balloux F, Lugon N. 2002. The estimation of population differentiation with microsatellite markers. Molecular Ecology 11(2): 155–165. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0962-1083.2001.01436.x
Benzing DH. 2000. Bromeliaceae profile of an adaptive radiation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
Carpenter FL. 1978. A spectrum of nectar-eater communities. American Zoologist 18: 809-819. https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/18.4.809
Chapin III F, Zavaleta E, Eviner V, et al. 2005. Consequences of changing biodiversity. Nature 405(9): 234-242. https://doi.org/10.1038/35012241
Domingues R, Machado A, Forzza C, et al. 2011. Genetic variability of an endangered bromeliaceae species (Pitcairnia albiflos) from the Brazilian atlantic rainforest. Genetics and Molecular Research 10(4): 2482–2491. https://doi.org/10.4238/2011.october.13.5
Dorst J. 1956. The puya stands of the peruvian high plateux as a bird hábitat. Ibis 99(4): 594-599. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1957.tb03051.x
Earl A, Holdt M. 2012. STRUCTURE HARVESTER: a website and program for visualizing STRUCTURE output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources 4(2): 359-361. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7
Estoup A, Jarne P, Cornuet J. 2002. Homoplasy and mutation model at microsatellite loci and their consequences for population genetics analysis. Molecular Ecology 11(9): 1591–604. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-294x.2002.01576.x
Etten M, Pearson M, Robertson W, et al. 2018. Microsatellite markers for Corybas (Orchidaceae) species in New Zealand. Applications in Plant Sciences 6(11): 4–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1192
Evanno G, Regnaut S & Goudet J. 2005. Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software STRUCTURE: a simulation study. Molecular Ecology 14: 2611–2620. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
Excoffier L & Lischer L. 2010. Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources 10(3): 564–567. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
García-Meneses PM, Ramsay PM. 2012. Pollinator response to within-patch spatial context determines reproductive output of a giant rosette plant. Basic and Applied Ecology 13: 526-523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.baae.2012.08.011
Godefroid S, Piazza C, Rossi G, et al. 2011. How successful are plant species reintroductions? Biological Conservation 144(2): 672–682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2010.10.003
González EG. 2003. Microsatélites: sus aplicaciones en la conservación de la biodiversidad. Graellsia 59 (2-3): 377-388. http://graellsia.revistas.csic.es
Hale M, Burg T, Steeves T. 2012. Sampling for microsatellite-based population genetic studies: 25 to 30 individuals per population is enough to accurately estimate allele frequencies. PLOS ONE 7(9): 45170. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0045170
Hardy O, Charbonnel N, Fréville H, et al. 2003. Microsatellite allele sizes: a simple test to assess their significance on genetic differentiation. Genetics 163(4): 1467– 82. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12702690
Hartmann O. 1981. Puya raimondii Harms cada vez son menos. Boletín de Lima 10: 79-83.
Hornung-Leoni C, González-Gómez P, Troncoso A. 2013a. Morphology, nectar characteristics and avian pollinators in five Andean Puya species (Bromeliaceae). Acta Oecologica 51, 54–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actao.2013.05.010
Hornung-Leoni C, Sosa V, Simpson J, Gil K. 2013b. Genetic variation in the emblematic Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae) from Huascarán National Park, Peru. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology 13(1): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1984-70332013000100008
Jabaily R & Sytsma K. 2013. Historical biogeography and life-history evolution of Andean Puya (Bromeliaceae). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 171(1): 201–224. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2012.01307
Kim B, Lee S, Kim Y, et al. 2018. Development and characterization of 30 microsatellite loci for Plagiorhegma dubium (Berberidaceae). Applications in Plant Sciences 6(12): 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1200
López-Gallego C. 2015. Monitoreo de poblaciones de plantas para conservación: recomendaciones para implementar planes de monitoreo para especies de plantas de interés en conservación. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt (IAvH). Bogotá D.C., Colombia. 56 p.
Lower A, Harris S, Ashthon P. 2004. Ecological Genetics; design, analysis and application. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.
Meirmans PG. 2012. The trouble with isolation by distance. Molecular Ecology 21:2839-2846. https://doi: 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05578.x
Miller G & Silander J. 1991. Control of the distribution of giant rosette species of Puya (Bromeliaceae) in the Ecuadorian páramos. Biotropica 23 (2): 124-133. https://doi.org/10.2307/2388297
Murray M & Thomson W. 1980. Rapid isolation of high molecular weight plant DNA. Nucleic Acid Resources 8(19): 4321-4325. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fnar%2F8.19.4321
Myers N, Mittermeier R, Mittermeier C, et al 2000. Conservation: Biodiversity as a bonus prize. Nature 468(7326): 895. https://doi.org/10.1038/468895
Oliveira E, Pádua J, Zucchi M, et al. 2006. Origin, evolution, and genome distribution of microsatellites. Genetics and Molecular Biology 29: 294–307. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-47572006000200018
Porebski S, Bailey G, Baum B. 1997. Modification of a CTAB DNA extraction protocol for plants containing high polysaccharide and polyphenol components. Plant Molecular Biology Reporter 15: 8–15. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02772108
Pritchard JK, Stephens M, Donnelly P. 2000. Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics 155: 945–959.
Pritchard JK, Wen X & Falush D. 2010. Documentation for Structure Software: Version 2.3. University of Chicago & University of Oxford.
Raimondi A. 1874. El Perú. Parte Preliminar (Tomo I). Imprenta del Estado. Lima. pp. 293-297.
Raymond M, Rousset F. 1995. GENEPOP: Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. J Hered. 86(3):9–10.
Rivadeneira Gallegos GS. 2016. Estructura Genética y Ecológica de poblaciones de Puya hamata (Bromeliaceae) en el Páramo del Volcán Chiles. Tesis de Licenciatura. Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador. http://repositorio.puce.edu.ec/handle/22000/11456
Rivera CA. 1985. Puya raimondii Harms. Boletín de Lima 7: 85-91.
Rozzi S. 2011. Fortalecimiento de capacidades locales dirigidas al logro de la eco-sostenibilidad del ACR Rodal de Puya raimondii – “Titankayocc”. Perfil de proyecto. Gobierno Regional de Ayacucho, Perú.
Salazar Castillo J, Villasante Benavides F. 2012. Distribución geográfica y situación actual de Puya raimondii Harms en la Región de Arequipa - Perú. Octubre 2009 – Marzo 2011. Quaderni di Botanica Ambientale e Applicata 23, 31–39. http://ortobotanico.unipa.it/quaderni/23_031.pdf
Salinas L, Arana C, Suni M. 2007. El néctar de especies de Puya como recurso para picaflores Altoandinos de Ancash, Perú. Revista Peruana de Biologia 14(1): 129–134. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v14i1.2166
Schulte K, Silvestro D, Kiehlmann E, et al. 2010. Detection of recent hybridization between sympatric Chilean Puya species (Bromeliaceae) using AFLP markers and reconstruction of complex relationships. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 57: 1105–1119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.09.001
Sgorbati S, Labra M, Grugni E, et al. 2004. A survey of genetic diversity and reproductive biology of Puya raimondii (Bromeliaceae), the endangered queen of the Andes. Plant Biol (Stuttg) 6(2): 222-30. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-2004-817802
Shapcott A, James H, Simmons L, et al. 2017. Population modelling and genetics of a critically endangered Madagascan palm Tahina spectabilis. Ecology and Evolution 10(6): 3120–3137. https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.6137
Smith LB, & Downs RI. 1974. Pitcairnioideae (Bromeliaceae). Flora Neotropica. Monograph No. 14. Hafner Press, New York, NY.
Sosa P, Batista FJ, González MA, et al. 2002. La conservación genética de las especies vegetales amenazadas. Biología de la Conservación de Especies Amenazadas 4:133-160. http://hdl.handle.net/10553/1285
Suni M, Cano A, & Vadillo G. 2001. Ensayos preliminares de germinación en Puya raimondii harms (Bromeliaceae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 8(1): 53–59. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v8i1.6513
Toro MA, Meuwissen TH, Fernandez J, et al. 2011. Assessing the genetic diversity in small farm animal populations. Animal 5(11): 1669–83. https://doi:10.1017/S1751731111000498
Tumi L, Zhang Y, Wang Z, et al. 2019. Microsatellite markers for the endangered Puya raimondii in Peru. Applications in Plant Sciences 7(12): 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.11308
Vadillo G & Suni M. 2006. Evaluación de sustratos para el establecimiento en laboratorio de plántulas de Puya raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae). Revista Peruana de Biologia 13(1): 139–141. https://doi.org/10.15381/rpb.v13i1.1777
Vadillo G, Suni M & Roca W. 2007. Evaluación de la diversidad genética y morfológica de Puya raimondii. Instituto Nacional de Recursos Naturales. Serie de publicaciones de flora y fauna silvestre, Lima, Perú.
Vadillo G. 2011. Bases para la Conservación de Puya raimondii Harms (Bromeliaceae). Tesis para optar al Grado de Magister en Botánica. Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Lima https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/16578
Venero JL & Hostning R. 1986. Las “Titancas” de Aymaraes (Apurímac). Boletín de Lima 48:83-88.
Villiger F. 1981. Rodales de Puya raimondii y su protección. Boletín de Lima 10: 84-91.
Weeks A, Sgro C, Young A, et al. 2011. Assessing the benefits and risks of translocations in changing environments: a genetic perspective. Evolutionary Applications 4: 709–725. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2011.00192
Young K, Ulloa C, Luteyn J, et al. 2002. Plant evolution and endemism in Andean South America: An introduction. Botanical Review 68(1): 4–21. https://doi.org/10.1663/0006-8101
Yuan S, Zeng G, Shi M, et al. 2017. Development of EST-SSR markers for Primula ovalifolia (Primulaceae) by transcriptome sequencing. Applications in Plant Sciences 5(12): 1700100. https://doi.org/10.3732/apps.1700100
Zanella C, Bruxel M, Paggi G. 2011. Genetic structure and phenotypic variation in wild populations of the medicinal tetraploid species Bromelia antiacantha (Bromeliaceae). American Journal of Botany 98(9): 1511–1519. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1000458
Zhang A, Gao Y, Li G, et al. 2018. Amplification of microsatellite markers for Psammosilene tunicoides (Caryophyllaceae). 6(12): 4–7. https://doi.org/10.1002/aps3.1199
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2022 Liscely Tumi, Xue-Jun Ge, Gerson E. Prado, Andrea Cosacov, Victor H. García, Mónica Arakaki, Mery L. Suni
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
AUTHORS RETAIN THEIR RIGHTS:
a. Authors retain their trade mark rights and patent, and also on any process or procedure described in the article.
b. Authors retain their right to share, copy, distribute, perform and publicly communicate their article (eg, to place their article in an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in the Revista Peruana de Biologia.
c. Authors retain theirs right to make a subsequent publication of their work, to use the article or any part thereof (eg a compilation of his papers, lecture notes, thesis, or a book), always indicating its initial publication in the Revista Peruana de Biologia (the originator of the work, journal, volume, number and date).
